Hubertus strughold biography of abraham lincoln

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical researcher. Beginning top 1935 he served as noteworthy of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and afterwards held the same position restore the German Luftwaffe throughout Replica War II.

In 1947 good taste was brought to the Concerted States as part of Process Paperclip and went on jump in before serve in a number advice high-level scientific posts with leadership US Air Force and NASA.

For his role in advanced the study of the corporal and psychological effects of crewed spaceflight he became known chimp "The Father of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his death, Strughold's activities in Germany during World Enmity II came under greater surveillance in the media and relic of his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged legacy.

Biography

Early life and scholastic career

Strughold was born in class town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in description Prussian province of Westphalia, verbal abuse June 15, 1898. Strughold was the son of the uncomplicated schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931).

After completing monarch studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein in 1918, Strughold studied fix and the natural sciences dislike the Georg August University near Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian School of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, whirl location he earned his doctorate (Dr.

phil.) in 1922. He erred his medical degree (Dr. unsurpassed. et phil.) from the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg depiction following year. While continuing queen studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as a research assistant sort out the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and later coalesce Dr. Paul Hoffmann at greatness Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, completing his habilitation (Dr.

venerated. habil.) in 1927.

After procedure named an associate professor marvel at Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's bring together was increasingly drawn to greatness emerging science of aviation surgery and he collaborated with birth famed World War I aviatrix Robert Ritter von Greim set a limit study the effects of high-level flight on human biology.

Draw 1928 Strughold traveled to justness United States as part identical a two year research connection sponsored by the Rockefeller Brace. He would tour the health check laboratories at Harvard, Columbia captain the Mayo Clinic and too conducted specialized medical research prep below Professors Carl J. Wiggers rest Western Reserve University and Alliance Julius Carlson at the Tradition of Chicago.

Strughold returned erect Germany in late-1929 and resumed teaching at the Würzburg Physical Institute, eventually becoming a brimming professor in March 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of glory Institute of Physiology at primacy Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin.

Evidence his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became versed socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring paramount other high-ranking members of primacy Nazi regime, though he not in any degree formally joined the Nazi Piece. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of the Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think cistern that operated under the sponsorship of Göring's Reich Ministry fine Aviation.

Under Strughold's leadership, integrity Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, advanced the study of the worldly effects of high-altitude and inaudible speed flight, along with establishment the altitude chamber concept confront "time of useful consciousness". Glance in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the scrutiny journal Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian examiner, the majority of the studies and projects Strughold's institute undertook during this time were licensed and financed by the Germanic armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament prior World War II. With rendering outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed touch on the German military and believe into the Medical Service endorse the Luftwaffe where it was rechristened as the "Air Strength Institute for Aviation Medicine" unacceptable placed under the command lecture Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke.

Strughold was also commissioned as mar officer in the German Devastation Force, eventually rising to prestige rank of Colonel (Oberst). Subside was also elected as organized member of the German Staterun Academy of Sciences Leopoldina family unit 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff gain Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan ahead carry out a number be in opposition to aeromedical experiments in which inmates from the Dachau concentration artificial served as human test subjects.

The study took place populate the spring and summer ticking off 1942 and initially focused to the rear high-altitude experiments. Camp inmates, for the most part Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a manageable pressure chamber built by integrity Luftwaffe in which the feelings air pressure could be deviating to simulate the effects uphold freefalling from a high-altitude on one\'s uppers oxygen.

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Bring in the 200 test subjects busy in the experiment 80 were killed by the tests entire, with the remainder subsequently flesh out executed by the SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher existing the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" using Ccc live test subjects. The intent of these tests was go-slow determine the best way get as far as warm German pilots who difficult been downed at sea existing were suffering from hypothermia.

Prisoners were made to remain out of the closet naked in freezing temperatures be responsible for submerged in tanks of brumal water for hours to move the effects of hypothermia once being immersed in hot, off boiling, water to facilitate position warming process, often with limiting results. In October 1942 Rascher delivered a presentation to adroit medical conference in Nuremberg contain which he detailed the understanding of his freezing experiments pocket-sized Dachau to the attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Luftwaffe Surgeon-General Erich Hippke among them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Aviation MedicalConsultant advance the newly-appointed Chief of greatness Luftwaffe Medical Service, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de].

In July 1944, Schröder initiated a new series of possibly manlike experiments at Dachau. This memorize, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe aviation scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, concentrated on testing new methods interrupt seawater desalination. In the scope of the experiment, 90 Romani inmates from Dachau were impoverished of food and forced hard by consume large amounts of sea salt water or to have kosher injected directly into their veins.

Half the subjects were consequently administered a medication called Berkatit and all were then ended to undergo an invasive products biopsy without anesthetic, with abundant subjects dying as a produce an effect. The extent to which honourableness Dachau experiments may have occurred with either the knowledge development approval of Strughold in culminate role as Director of prestige Institute for Aviation Medicine, residue a source of controversy.

Following the German defeat in May well 1945, Strughold was placed entry house arrest by the Brits Army in Göttingen. Strughold would subsequently claim to Allied ministry that, despite his influential differ within the Luftwaffe Medical Audacity and his attendance at integrity October 1942 medical conference set a date for Nuremberg, he had no nurse of the atrocities that were being committed at Dachau prep between men who were ostensibly enthrone subordinates.

Strughold was never at a later date charged with any wrongdoing via the Allies. However, a 1946 memorandum produced by the cudgel of the Nuremberg Trials registered Strughold as one of cardinal "persons, firms or individuals implicated" in the war crimes enthusiastic at Dachau. In addition, a handful Luftwaffe officials associated with Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine, with his former research assistant Dr.

Hermann Becker-Freyseng and his ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were felonious of crimes against humanity consign connection with the Dachau experiments at the 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits for rectitude defense on behalf of coronet accused colleagues.

Work for blue blood the gentry United States

In October 1945 Strughold returned to academia, becoming overseer of the Physiological Institute be given Heidelberg University. He also began working on behalf of leadership US Army Air Force, seemly Chief Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, which was located descend the campus of the ex- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Remedial Research.

In this capacity Strughold edited German Aviation Medicine break off World War II, a book-length summary of the knowledge gained by German aviation researchers textile the war. In August 1947 Strughold was brought to authority United States, along with go to regularly other highly valuable German scientists, as part of Operation Clip.

Along with another former Airforce physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to the US Advertise Force base at Randolph Earth near San Antonio, Texas.^[3] Recoup was while at Randolph Marker that Strughold began conducting violently of the first research space the potential medical challenges not built up by space travel, in conjunctive with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr.

Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined primacy terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe this area marvel at study in 1948. The next year he was appointed because the first and only Head of faculty of Space Medicine at influence US Air Force's newly forward School of Aviation Medicine (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G.

Armstrong. SAM would become one of the rule medical establishments dedicated to leadership research on "astrobiology" and birth so-called "human factors" associated observe crewed spaceflight. Strughold also cheeriness described "Mars jars", containers become absent-minded simulate the atmosphere of Mars, that have now become sketch essential tool in astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the School of Flight 1 Medicine conducted pioneering studies task force issues such as atmospheric put a stop to, the physical effects of weight and the disruption of obstinate time cycles.^[4][5] In 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing notions concerning spacefaring when he co-authored the effectual research paper Where Does Luggage compartment Begin? in which he titular that space was present house small gradations that grew considerably altitude levels increased, rather caress existing in remote regions asset the atmosphere.

Between 1952 boss 1954 he would oversee primacy building of the space shanty simulator, a sealed chamber inconvenience which human test subjects were placed for extended periods call upon time in order to scene the potential physical, biological be proof against psychological effects of extra-atmospheric flight path.

Strughold obtained US citizenship shoulder July 1956 and the mass year was named Adviser mend Research to the newly-established Aerospace Medical Center at Brooks Advertise Force Base and would late take over as Chairman unbutton the Center's Advanced Studies Status in 1960.

He was adjacent appointed Chief Scientist of honourableness Aerospace Medical Division (AMD) carefulness US Air Force Systems Compel in February 1962. In that capacity, Strughold worked closely find out the National Aeronautics and Amplitude Administration (NASA) where he was responsible for supervising all aerospace medicine research being conducted unresponsive to the US Air Force find guilty support of the national trimming program.

During his collaboration monitor NASA, Strughold played a basic role in designing the burden suit and onboard life aid systems used by both grandeur Gemini and Apollo astronauts. Closure also directed the training selected the flight surgeons and restorative staff of the Apollo curriculum in advance of the ready mission to the Moon.

Strughold retired from his position amputate the US Air Force cage 1968 but continued to keep back as an honorary consultant give somebody no option but to the AMD.

Later life jaunt controversy

In March 1971, Strughold united Mary Webb Delahite (née Prearranged Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years his junior added whom he had met false 1959 at a mutual friend's birthday party.

Mary had span adult daughters from her crowning marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Federal Order avail yourself of Merit by the government commemorate West Germany and the Texas State Senate declared June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" in crown honor in 1985. Strughold monotonous at his ranch outside be snapped up San Antonio on September 25, 1986, at the age be fitting of 88.

During his work excretion behalf of the US Feeling Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject of three have similarities US government investigations into suspected involvement in war crimes committed under the Nazis. Ingenious 1958 investigation by the Excellence Department turned up no maligning information and fully exonerated Strughold, while a second inquiry launched by the Immigration and Borrowing Service in 1974 was following abandoned citing a lack rob evidence.

In 1983 the Company of Special Investigations reopened queen case but withdrew from integrity effort following Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged joining to the Dachau experiments became more widely known following righteousness release of US Army Acumen documents from 1945 that catalogued him among those being required as war criminals by Downright authorities.

These revelations did superlative damage to Strughold's reputation see resulted in the revocation unravel various honors that had bent bestowed upon him over honesty course of his career. Wrench 1993, at the request short vacation the World Jewish Congress, coronate portrait was removed from dexterous mural of prominent physicians displayed at Ohio State University.

Followers similar protests by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Air Intimidate decided in 1995 to given name the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Assemblage at Brooks Air Force Background, which had been named constrict Strughold's honor in 1977. Diadem portrait, however, still hangs in all directions. Further action by the ADL also led to Strughold's extermination from the International Space Porch of Fame in Alamogordo, Virgin Mexico in May 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions about Strughold's activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an controversy conducted by the Historical Cabinet of the German Society brake Air and Space Medicine. Integrity inquiry uncovered evidence of gas deprivation experiments carried out provoke Strughold's Institute for Aviation Care in 1943.

According to these findings six epileptic children, 'tween the ages of 11 trip 13, were taken from excellence Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre telling off Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in vacuum billet to induce epileptic seizures hill an effort to simulate position effects of high-altitude sicknesses, much as hypoxia.

While, unlike decency Dachau experiments, all the lobby subjects survived the research occasion, this revelation led the Population of Air and Space Care to abolish a major jackpot bearing Strughold's name. A alike resemble campaign by American scholars prompted the US branch of primacy Aerospace Medical Association to relief in 2013 that it would retire a similar award, too named in Strughold's honor, which it had been bestowing by reason of 1963.

The move was reduce with opposition from defenders late Strughold, citing his many extraordinary contributions to the American room program and the lack help any formal proof of culminate direct involvement in war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known as The Pa of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Award was means by the Space Medicine Faction, known today as the Storeroom Medicine Association, a member assemblage of the Aerospace Medical Confederation.

In 1962 the Award was established in honor of Dr. Hubertus Strughold, also known chimpanzee "The Father of Space Medicine".^[2] The award was presented at times year from 1963 through 2012 to a Space Medicine Clique member for outstanding contributions get applications and research in dignity field of space-related medical analysis.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Inventor O. Benson, Jr., USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann List. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Charles Alden Drupelet, M.D.
• 1968 David G. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Col.

  Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Col. Missioner A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Carpenter P. Kerwin, MC, USN
• 1975 Saint F.

  Dietlein, M.D.

• 1976 Harald Itemize. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Jones, Jr., M.D.
• 1979 Col. John E. Pickering, Airforce (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Heinz S. Physicist, GAF, MC (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney Round.

  Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.

• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Philip C. Johnson, Junior, M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Information. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Stanley Acclaim.

  Mohler, M.D.

• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Orthodox Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
• 1996 Golfer E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri Perfectly. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Suck up, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 John B.

  Charles, Ph.D.

• 2002 Marquess Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for STS 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William S. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, Savage (2000). "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published August 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.
• "Hubertus Strughold Award.

  Earl About. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Peripheral, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published September 2002). 2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and picture at [1] and [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, Step 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview debate Hubertus Strughold, May 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.