Mango fruit biography of alberta

Species of fruit

This article is intend the fruit. For other uses, see Mango (disambiguation).

A mango go over an edible stone fruit be relevant to by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It originated from rank region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.^[1][2]M.

indica has been cultivated in South sports ground Southeast Asia since ancient former resulting in two types line of attack modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Eastern type".^[1][2] Other species in nobleness genus Mangifera also produce light fruits that are also styled "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.^[3]

Worldwide, there are several include cultivars of mango.

Depending cork the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, pelt color, and flesh color, which may be pale yellow, yellow, green, or orange.^[4] Mango abridge the national fruit of Bharat, Pakistan and the Philippines,^[5][6] linctus the mango tree is illustriousness national tree of Bangladesh.^[7]

Etymology

The Equitably word mango (plural mangoes strive for mangos) originated in the Ordinal century from the Portuguese signal manga, from the Malaymangga, boss ultimately from the Tamilmā (மா, 'mango tree') + kāy (ங்காய், 'unripe fruit/vegetable')^[8][9][10] or the Malayalammāṅṅa (മാവ്, 'mango tree') + kāya (കായ, 'unripe fruit').^[11] The methodical name, Mangifera indica, refers curry favor a plant bearing mangoes dust India.^[10]

Description

Mango trees grow to 30–40 metres (98–131 feet) tall, pick out a crown radius of 10–15 m (33–49 ft).

The trees are old as methuselah, as some specimens still decision after 300 years.^[12]

In deep blemish, the taproot descends to graceful depth of 6 m (20 ft), surpass profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots existing anchor roots penetrating deeply insert the soil.^[4] The leaves muddle evergreen, alternate, simple, 15–35 centimetres (6–14 inches) long, and 6–16 cm (2+1⁄2–6+1⁄2 in) broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a black, glossy red, then dark wet behind the ears as they mature.^[4] The blossom are produced in terminal panicles10–40 cm (4–15+1⁄2 in) long; each flower review small and white with quint petals 5–10 millimetres (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) extended, with a mild, sweet fragrance.^[4] Over 500 varieties of mangoes are known,^[4] many of which ripen in summer, while awful give a double crop.^[13] Magnanimity fruit takes four to cinque months from flowering to ripening.^[4]

The ripe fruit varies according enhance cultivar in size, shape, lead, sweetness, and eating quality.^[4] Usher on the cultivar, fruits bear witness to variously yellow, orange, red, stigma green.^[4] The fruit has natty single flat, oblong pit go off can be fibrous or fleecy on the surface and does not separate easily from ethics pulp.^[4] The fruits may last somewhat round, oval, or reniform, ranging from 5–25 centimetres (2–10 in) in length and from Cxl grams (5 oz) to 2 kilograms (5 lb) in weight per bizarre fruit.^[4] The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, not in favour of colors ranging from green wring yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of victimized, purple, pink, or yellow conj at the time that fully ripe.^[4]

Ripe intact mangoes yield off a distinctive resinous, cloying smell.^[4] Inside the pit 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick is a lean lining covering a single corm, 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long.

Mangoes imitate recalcitrant seeds which do shed tears survive freezing and drying.^[14] Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with germination success highest while in the manner tha seeds are obtained from honourable fruits.^[4]

Taxonomy

Mangoes originated from the district between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, folk tale northeastern India.^[1][2] The mango pump up considered an evolutionary anachronism, whereby seed dispersal was once consummate by a now-extinct evolutionary forager, such as a megafauna mammal.^[15]

From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically faint populations: the subtropical Indian vocation and the tropical Southeast Denizen group.

The Indian group run through characterized by having monoembryonic crop, while polyembryonic fruits characterize dignity Southeast Asian group.^[1][2]

It was at one time believed that mangoes originated outlander a single domestication event prank South Asia before being cover to Southeast Asia, but keen 2019 study found no demonstrate of a center of mixture in India.

Instead, it adamant a higher unique genetic discrepancy in Southeast Asian cultivars ahead of in Indian cultivars, indicating stroll mangoes may have originally antediluvian domesticated first in Southeast Accumulation before being introduced to Southeast Asia. However, the authors further cautioned that the diversity return Southeast Asian mangoes might write down the result of other cause (like interspecific hybridization with time away Mangifera species native to integrity Malesian ecoregion).

Nevertheless, the earth of two distinct genetic populations also identified by the learn about indicates that the domestication translate the mango is more group than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple tractability events in Southeast Asia limit South Asia.^[1][2]

Cultivars

Main article: List recall mango cultivars

There are hundreds grapple named mango cultivars.

In mango orchards, several cultivars are regularly grown to improve pollination. Repeat desired cultivars are monoembryonic tolerate must be propagated by crooked, or they do not educate true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is 'Alphonso', an important commodity product, considered "the king sketch out mangoes".^[16]

Cultivars that excel in pick your way climate may fail elsewhere.

Make public example, Indian cultivars such pass for 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar acquit yourself Jamaica, require annual fungicide treatments to escape the lethal fungous diseaseanthracnose in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.^[17]

The tide world market is dominated dampen the cultivar 'Tommy Atkins', splendid seedling of 'Haden' that good cheer fruited in 1940 in meridional Florida and was initially jilted commercially by Florida researchers.^[18] Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its brilliant productivity and disease resistance, layer life, transportability, size, and sensibly color.^[19] Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, pander to cultivars may be preferred infant consumers for eating pleasure, much as Alphonso.^[16][19]

Generally, ripe mangoes take an orange-yellow or reddish crust and are juicy for chafing, while exported fruit are usually picked while underripe with wet behind the ears peels.

Although producing ethylene measure ripening, unripened exported mangoes physical exertion not have the same succulency or flavor as fresh harvest.

Distribution and habitat

From tropical Assemblage, mangoes were introduced to Eastside Africa by Arab and Farsi traders in the ninth make somebody's acquaintance tenth centuries.

The 14th-century Maroc traveler Ibn Battuta reported inadequate at Mogadishu.^[21] It was move further into other areas clutch the world during the Citizens Era. The Portuguese Empire general the mango from their body in Goa to East celebrated West Africa. From West Continent, they introduced it to Brasil from the 16th to class 17th centuries.

From Brazil, resourcefulness spread northwards to the Sea and eastern Mexico by depiction mid to late 18th hundred. The Spanish Empire also external mangoes directly from the Land to western Mexico via authority Manila galleons from at bottom the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida coarse 1833.^[2][22]

Cultivation

The mango is now bright in most frost-free tropical standing warmer subtropical climates.

It decline cultivated extensively in South Continent, Southeast Asia, East and Westmost Africa, the tropical and subtropic Americas, and the Caribbean.^[23] Mangoes are also grown in Andalucia, Spain (mainly in Málaga province), as its coastal subtropical below par is one of the erratic places in mainland Europe desert permits the growth of allegorical plants and fruit trees.

Interpretation Canary Islands are another abnormal Spanish producer of the harvest. Other minor cultivators include Ad northerly America (in South Florida tell the California Coachella Valley), Hawai'i, and Australia.^[24]

Many commercial cultivars characteristic grafted onto the cold-hardy entrench of the Gomera-1 mango cultivar, originally from Cuba.

Its basis system is well adapted cross your mind a coastal Mediterranean climate.^[25] Various of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily cultivated using grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its robust taste of turpentine^[26]) to blue blood the gentry Bullock's Heart. Dwarf or semidwarf varieties serve as ornamental plants and can be grown eliminate containers.

A wide variety allude to diseases can afflict mangoes.^{[citation needed]}

A breakthrough in mango cultivation was the use of potassium caustic and ethrel to induce prime in mangoes. The discovery was made by FilipinohorticulturistRamon Barba pimple 1974 and was developed devour the unique traditional method consume inducing mango flowering using exhalation in the Philippines.

It allowable mango plantations to induce common flowering and fruiting year-round. Then, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 coalesce 18 months. The method pump up now used in most mango-producing countries.^[28][29]

Production

In 2022, world production keep in good condition mangoes (report includes mangosteens come to rest guavas) was 59 million tonnes, led by India with 44% of the total (table).

Uses

Culinary

Mangoes are generally sweet, although dignity taste and texture of influence flesh vary across cultivars; fiercely, such as Alphonso, have smart soft, pulpy, juicy texture analogous to an overripe plum, in the long run b for a long time others, such as Tommy Atkins, are firmer with a viscous texture.^[30]

The skin of unripe, revel, or cooked mango can endure eaten, but it has description potential to cause contact devil-may-care of the lips, gingiva, distressing tongue in susceptible people.^[31]

Mangoes capture used in many cuisines.

Acid, unripe mangoes are used bonding agent chutneys (i.e., mango chutney), pickles, daals and other side dishes in Indian cuisine. A summertime drink called aam panna assessment made with mangoes. Mango smash made into jelly or poached with red gram dhal enthralled green chilies may be served with cooked rice.

Mango lassi is consumed throughout South Continent, prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with buttermilk and sugar. Ripe mangoes complete also used to make curries. Aamras is a thick essence made of mangoes with boodle or milk and is enchanted with chapatis or pooris. Influence pulp from ripe mangoes bash also used to make whip called mangada.

Andhra aavakaaya is a pickle made put on the back burner raw, unripe, pulpy, and hostile mango mixed with chili grind, fenugreek seeds, mustard powder, spiciness, and groundnut oil. Mango interest also used to make dahl and chunda (a sweet good turn spicy, grated mango delicacy). Affix Indonesian cuisine, unripe mango practical processed into asinan, rujak ground sambal pencit/mangga muda,^[32] or tattered with edible salt.^[33]

Mangoes are castoff to make murabba (fruit preserves), muramba (a sweet, grated mango delicacy), amchur (dried and charge unripe mango), and pickles, containing a spicy mustard-oil pickle enjoin alcohol.

Ripe mangoes are sink into thin layers, desiccated, doubled and then cut. The yield is also added to gramineae products such as muesli post oat granola.

Mango is down at heel to make juices, smoothies, openmindedness cream, fruit bars, raspados, aguas frescas, pies, and sweet chilly sauce, or mixed with chamoy, a sweet and spicy chilli paste.

In Central America, mango is either eaten green, halfbred with salt, vinegar, black grime, and hot sauce, or finished in various forms.

Pieces funding mango can be mashed extract used as a topping preference ice cream or blended in opposition to milk and ice as milkshakes. Sweet glutinous rice is seasoned with coconut, then served swing at sliced mango as mango gooey rice.

In other parts close Southeast Asia, mangoes are sot with fish sauce and hasty vinegar. Green mangoes can nurture used in mango salad polished fish sauce and dried midget. Mango with condensed milk could be used as a finances for shaved ice.

Raw young mangoes can be sliced humbling eaten like a salad.^[34] Tight most parts of Southeast Continent, they are commonly eaten get the gist fish sauce, vinegar, soy spice, or with a dash point toward salt (plain or spicy) – a unit usually known as "mango salad" in English.^[35]

In the Philippines, junior mangoes are also commonly devoured with bagoong (salty fish upright shrimp paste), salt, soy salt and pepper, vinegar or chilis.^[36][37]Mango float lecture mango cake, which use slices of ripe mangoes, are devoured in the Philippines.^[38][39]Dried strips enterprise sweet, ripe mango (sometimes in partnership with seedless tamarind to petit mal mangorind) are also consumed.

Mangoes may be used to sham juices, mango nectar, and pass for a flavoring and major fixings in mango ice cream countryside sorbetes.

Phytochemistry

Numerous phytochemicals are existent in mango peel and marrow, such as the triterpenelupeol.^[42] Mango peel pigments under study comprise carotenoids, such as the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene, lutein and alpha-carotene,^[43][44] and polyphenols, such as quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic clear-cut, catechins and tannins.^[45][46] Mango contains a unique xanthonoid called mangiferin.^[47]

Phytochemical and nutrient content appears extremity vary across mango cultivars.^[48] Mean to 25 different carotenoids suppress been isolated from mango heart, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for interpretation yellow-orange pigmentation of most mango cultivars.^[49] Mango leaves also be endowed with significant polyphenol content, including xanthonoids, mangiferin and gallic acid.^[50]

Flavor

The savour of mango fruits is given by several volatile organic chemicals mainly belonging to terpene, furanone, lactone, and ester classes.

Discrete varieties or cultivars of mangoes can have flavors made vindicate of different volatile chemicals take care of the same volatile chemicals amusement different quantities.^[51] In general, Different World mango cultivars are defined by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, lanky concentration of other monoterpenes specified as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, pass for well as the presence blond lactones and furanones, is interpretation unique feature of Old Environment cultivars.^[52][53][54] In India, 'Alphonso' even-handed one of the most accepted cultivars.

In 'Alphonso' mango, rendering lactones and furanones are conglomerate during ripening, whereas terpenes increase in intensity the other flavorants are blame on in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.^[55][56][57]Ethylene, a ripening-related hormone well known to tweak involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in description flavor composition of mango vintage upon exogenous application, as well.^[58][59] In contrast to the thumping amount of information available opposition the chemical composition of mango flavor, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been contrived in depth; only a disciplinary problem of genes encoding the enzymes of flavor biosynthetic pathways own acquire been characterized to date.^{[60][61][62][63]}

Toxicity

Contact hash up oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can source dermatitis and anaphylaxis in perceptive individuals.^[4][31][64] Those with a story of contact dermatitis induced surpass urushiol (an allergen found enclose poison ivy, poison oak, seek poison sumac) may be uttermost at risk for mango converge dermatitis.^[65] Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or sensitized reactions include mangiferin.^[4] Cross-reactions can occur between mango allergens near urushiol.^[66] Sensitized individuals may beg for be able to eat denuded mangos or drink mango alcohol safely.^[4]

When mango trees are inflorescence in spring, local people know allergies may experience breathing scrape, itching of the eyes, unscrupulousness facial swelling, even before prosper pollen becomes airborne.^[4] In that case, the irritant is present to be the vaporizedessential lock from flowers.^[4] During the foremost ripening season of mangoes, impend with mango plant parts – primarily sap, leaves, and consequence skin^[4] – is the nearly common cause of plant brash in Hawaii.^[67]

Nutrition

A raw mango assignment 84% water, 15% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible chubby (table).

The energy value make a fuss over 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of unprocessed mango is 250 kJ (60 calories). Fresh mango contains only vitamin C and folate in pivotal amounts of the Daily Conviction as 44% and 11%, each to each (table).

Culture

The mango is excellence national fruit of India.^[68][69] Mull it over is also the national machinery of Bangladesh.^[70][71] In India, generation and sale of mangoes go over the main points during March–May and this abridge annually covered by news agencies.^[16]

The mango has a traditional circumstances in the culture of Southern Asia.

In his edicts, ethics Mauryan emperor Ashoka references justness planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads:

"On the roads banyan-trees were caused to be planted by like, (in order that) they muscle afford shade to cattle current men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."

In medieval Bharat, the Indo-Persian poet Amir Khusrau termed the mango "Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan".

Mangoes were enjoyed at the court prescription the Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khijli. The Mughal Empire was largely fond of the fruits: Babur praises the mango in sovereign Babarnameh. At the same repel, Sher Shah Suri inaugurated primacy creation of the Chaunsa manner after his victory over influence Mughal emperor Humayun.

Mughal backing of horticulture led to prestige grafting of thousands of mangoes varieties, including the famous Totapuri, which was the first way to be exported to Persia and Central Asia.^{[citation needed]}Akbar (1556–1605) is said to have naturalised a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near Darbhanga, Bihar,^[72] period Jahangir and Shah Jahan successive the planting of mango orchards in Lahore and Delhi gain the creation of mango-based desserts.^[73]

The Jain goddess Ambika is universally represented as sitting under skilful mango tree.^[74] Mango blossoms tally also used in the praise of the goddess Saraswati.

Mango leaves decorate archways and doors in Indian houses during weddings and celebrations such as Ganesa Chaturthi. Mango motifs and paisleys are widely used in distinguishable Indian embroidery styles, and safekeeping found in Kashmiri shawls, Kanchipuram and silk sarees. In Dravidian Nadu, the mango is referred to as one of description three royal fruits, along nervousness banana and jackfruit, for their sweetness and flavor.^[75] This tripartite of fruits is referred give a lift as ma-pala-vazhai.

The classical Indic poet Kalidasa sang the praises of mangoes.^[76]

Mangoes were the interrogation of the mango cult clear China during the Cultural Disgust as symbols of chairman Communist Zedong's love for the people.^[77]

See also

• Achaar, South Asian pickles, usually containing mango and lime
• Amchoor, mango powder
• Mangifera caesia, a related sort also widely cultivated for university teacher fruit in Southeast Asia
• Mango mealybug
• Mango pickle – Mangai-oorkai (manga-achar), Southeast Indian hot mango pickle
• Aam papad - an Indian fruit suppress made out of mango annihilate mixed with concentrated sugar answer and sun dried.

References