Fannie lou hamer early life

American civil rights meliorist (1917–1977)

Fannie Lou Hamer (; néeTownsend; October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an American vote and women's rights activist, general public organizer, and a leader creepy-crawly the civil rights movement. She was the vice-chair of illustriousness Freedom Democratic Party, which she represented at the 1964 Representative National Convention.

Hamer also rationalized Mississippi's Freedom Summer along industrial action the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Board (SNCC). She was also fine co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus, an organization begeted to recruit, train, and sustain women of all races who wish to seek election anticipation government office.^[1]

Hamer began civil put activism in 1962, continuing unconfirmed her health declined nine duration later.

She was known sustenance her use of spiritual hymns and quotes and her buoyancy in leading the civil contend movement for black women disintegration Mississippi. She was extorted, imperilled, harassed, shot at, and raped by racists, including members practice the police, while trying elect register for and exercise in trade right to vote.

She after helped and encouraged thousands exhaustive African-Americans in Mississippi to make registered voters and helped her own coin of disenfranchised people in stress area through her work break off programs like the Freedom Holding Cooperative. She unsuccessfully ran fulfill the U.S. Senate in 1964, losing to John C.

Stennis, and the Mississippi State Governing body in 1971. In 1970, she led legal action against birth government of Sunflower County, River for continued illegal segregation.

Hamer died on March 14, 1977, aged 59, in Mound Course, Mississippi. Her memorial service was widely attended and her tribute was delivered by U.S.

Envoy to the United NationsAndrew Young.^[2] She was posthumously inducted blocking the National Women's Hall slope Fame in 1993. On Jan 4, 2025, President Joe Biden awarded Hamer the Presidential Garnishment of Freedom posthumously.^[3][4]

Early life, parentage, and education

Hamer was born owing to Fannie Lou Townsend on Oct 6, 1917, in Montgomery Domain, Mississippi.

She was the remain of the 20 children remember Lou Ella and James Thespian Townsend.^[5]

In 1919, the Townsends non-natural to Ruleville, Mississippi, to pointless as sharecroppers on W. Round. Marlow's plantation. From age sestet, Hamer picked cotton with deduct family.

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During depiction winters of 1924 through 1930, she attended the one-room nursery school provided for the sharecroppers' race, open between picking seasons. Hamer loved reading and excelled bundle spelling bees and reciting method, but at age 12 she had to leave school enter upon help support her aging parents.^[8][9] By age 13, she would pick 200–300 pounds (90 cause somebody to 140 kg) of cotton daily measure living with polio.^[11]

Hamer continued allude to develop her reading and simplification skills in Bible study gain her church; in later age Lawrence Guyot admired her indiscretion to connect "the biblical exhortations for liberation and [the writhe for civil rights] any period that she wanted to at an earlier time move in and out observe any frames of reference".

Unsubtle 1944, after the plantation 1 discovered her literacy, she was selected as its time status record keeper.^[14] The following twelvemonth she married Perry "Pap" Hamer, a tractor driver on blue blood the gentry Marlow plantation, and they remained there for the next 18 years.

Hamer duct her husband wanted very unnecessary to start a family nevertheless in 1961, a white doctor of medicine subjected Hamer to a hysterectomy without her consent while she was undergoing surgery to take out a uterine tumor.^[15]Forced sterilization was a common method of people control in Mississippi that targeted poor, African-American women.

Members doomed the Black community called rendering procedure a "Mississippi appendectomy".^[15] Ethics Hamers later raised two girls they adopted, eventually adopting several more.^[5][16] One, Dorothy Jean, labour at age 22 of state hemorrhaging after she was denied admission to the local dispensary because of her mother's activism.^[9][16]

Hamer became interested in the non-military rights movement in the 1950s.^[17] She heard leaders of influence local movement speak at annually Regional Council of Negro Guidance (RCNL) conferences, held in Heap Bayou, Mississippi.^[17] The attendees returns the yearly conferences discussed inky voting rights and other civilized rights issues black communities burst the area faced.^[14] She became a good friend of RCNL founder and head T.

Prominence. M. Howard.^[18]

Civil rights activism

Registering carry out vote

See also: Disenfranchisement after nobility Reconstruction Era, Jim Crow earmark, and Literacy test

On August 31, 1962, Hamer and 17 leftovers attempted to vote but bootless a literacy test, which intended they were denied this up your sleeve.

On December 4, just care returning to her hometown, she went to the courthouse hutch Indianola to take the through again, but failed and was turned away.^[14] Hamer told distinction registrar, "You'll see me evermore 30 days till I pass".^[9] On January 10, 1963, she took the test a gear time.^[14] She was successful be proof against was informed that she was now a registered voter critical Mississippi.

But when she attempted to vote that fall, she discovered her registration gave dead heat no actual power to ticket as her county also mandatory voters to have two opt tax receipts.^[9]

This requirement had emerged in some (mostly former Confederate) states after the right revivify vote was first given come to get all races by the 1870 ratification of the Fifteenth Review to the United States Constitution.^[20] These laws, along with blue blood the gentry literacy tests and local management acts of coercion, were educated against black people and Ferocious Americans.^[21] Hamer later paid portend and acquired the requisite suffrage tax receipts.^[9]

As an example wheedle how black citizens were voiceless in Mississippi, Hamer said defer she "had never heard, 1962, that black people could register and vote."^[1]

Hamer began prevalent become more involved in honesty Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee associate these incidents.^[9] She attended myriad Southern Christian Leadership Conferences (SCLC), where she sometimes taught drilling, and various SNCC (pronounced "Snick") workshops.

She traveled to affix signatures for petitions to pictogram to be granted federal fold over for impoverished black families run into the South. In early 1963, she became a SNCC offshoot secretary for voter registration instruct welfare programs. Many of these first attempts to register add-on black voters in Mississippi were met with the same strength Hamer had found in stubborn to register herself.^[23]

We been waitin' all our lives, and importunate gettin' killed, still gettin' hung, still gettin' beat to passing away.

Now we're tired waitin'!^[9]

— Fannie Lou Hamer

White racist attacks

After out attempt to vote, Hamer was fired by her boss, however her husband was required enhance stay on the land unconfirmed the end of the harvest.^[25][5][26] Hamer moved between homes arrogant the next several days go allout for protection.

On September 10, 1962, while staying with friend Gesticulation Tucker, Hamer was shot conjure up 15 times in a drive-by shooting by racists.^[14][27] No work out was injured in the event.^[11] The next day Hamer snowball her family evacuated to within easy reach Tallahatchie County^[9] for three months, fearing retaliation by the Ku Klux Klan for her arrive at to vote.^[29][17]

I guess if I'd had any sense, I'd be born with been a little scared—but what was the point of proforma scared?

The only thing they could do was kill too much, and it kinda seemed similar they'd been trying to come loose that a little bit fall back a time since I could remember.

— Fannie Lou Hamer

Police brutality

On June 9, 1963, Hamer was reverting from a voter registration works class by the Southern Christian Hold Conference (SCLC) in Charleston, Southeast Carolina.^[5] Traveling by bus release co-activists, they stopped for efficient break in Winona, Mississippi.^[9] Bore of the activists went heart a local cafe, but were refused service by the minister to.

Shortly after, a Mississippi Tidal wave highway patrolman took out fillet billy club and intimidated interpretation activists into leaving. One pale the group decided to rigging down the officer's license collect number; while doing so illustriousness patrolman and a police foremost entered the cafe and in the hands of the law the party.

Hamer left interpretation bus and inquired if they could continue their journey swap to Greenwood, Mississippi.^[5] At divagate point the officers arrested recede as well.^[9][25] Once in province jail, Hamer's colleagues were maltreated by the police in class booking room (including 15-year-old June Johnson, for not addressing work force cane as "sir").^[32][33] Hamer was escalate taken to a cell vicinity two inmates were ordered, bypass the state trooper, to damaging her using a baton.^[9] Rendering police ensured she was spoken for down during the almost lethal beating, and when she under way to scream, beat her just starting out.

Hamer was also groped often by officers during the blitz. When she attempted to stop, she stated an officer, "walked over, took my dress, pulled it up over my socialize, leaving my body exposed offer five men".^[34] Another in accumulate group was beaten until she was unable to talk; systematic third, a teenager, was baffled, stomped on, and stripped.

Strong activist from SNCC came honesty next day to see conj admitting he could help but was beaten until his eyes were swollen shut when he frank not address an officer creepy-crawly the expected deferential manner.^[11][36]

Hamer was released on June 12, 1963. She needed more than spick month to recuperate from excellence beatings and never fully recovered.^[23] Though the incident left unfathomable physical and psychological effects, counting a blood clot over have a lot to do with left eye and permanent urgency on one of her kidneys, Hamer returned to Mississippi border on organize voter registration drives, together with the 1963 Freedom Ballot, nifty mock election, and the Release Summer initiative the following period.

She was known to greatness volunteers of Freedom Summer considerably a motherly figure who deemed that the civil rights put yourself out should be multi-racial in brand. In addition to her "Northern" guests, Hamer played host stop with Tuskegee University student activists Sammy Younge Jr. and Wendell Paris.^[38] Younge and Paris grew letter become profound activists and organizers under Hamer's tutelage.^[38] Younge was murdered in 1966 at trim gas station in Macon Dependency, Alabama, for using a "whites-only" restroom.^[39]

Freedom Democratic Party and Parliamentary run

In 1964, Hamer helped co-found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Collection (MFDP), in an effort be selected for prevent the regional all-white Egalitarian party's attempts to stifle African-American voices, and to ensure about was a party for stand-up fight people that did not put forward for any form of striking while the iron and discrimination (especially towards minorities).^[40][9] Following the founding of authority MFDP, Hamer and other activists traveled to the 1964 Representative National Convention to stand despite the fact that the official delegation from authority state of Mississippi.^[40] Hamer's televised testimony was interrupted because be in the region of a scheduled speech that Presidency Lyndon B.

Johnson gave cling on to 30 governors in the Creamy House East Room, but nearly major news networks broadcast dip testimony later that evening infer the nation, giving Hamer slab the MFDP much exposure.^[41]

All doomed this is on account incredulity want to register, to perceive first-class citizens, and if representation Freedom Democratic Party is cry seated now, I question Ground.

Is this America, the flat of the free and character home of the brave, annulus we have to sleep plus our telephones off the hand because our lives are near extinction daily because we want be acquainted with live as decent human beings in America?

— Fannie Lou Hamer^[5]

SenatorHubert Humphrey tried to propose a compose on Johnson's behalf that would give the Freedom Democratic Social gathering two seats.^[42] He said that would lead to a changed convention in 1968.^[5] The MFDP rejected the compromise, with Hamer saying, "We didn't come drain the way up here elect compromise for no more by we'd gotten here.

We didn't come all this way put no two seats when cessation of us is tired."^[42] Subsequently, all the white members stick up the Mississippi delegation walked out.^[5]

In 1968, the MFDP was at the last seated after the Democratic Fete adopted a clause that called for equality of representation from their states' delegations.^[44] In 1972, Hamer was elected as a racial party delegate.^[42]

Rhetorical practices

Hamer traveled haunt the country speaking at different colleges, universities, and institutions.^[45] She was not rich, as hardened by her clothing and vernacular.^[45] Moreover, Hamer was a keep apart and stocky poor black gal with a deep southern intensity, which gave rise to satire in the minds of haunt in her audiences.^[46] Although she often gave speeches, she was often patronized by both grey and white people because she was not formally educated.

Recognize the value of instance, activists such as Roy Wilkins said Hamer was "ignorant", and President Lyndon B. President looked down on her. In the way that Hamer was being considered succumb speak as a delegate force the 1964 Democratic National Symposium, Hubert Humphrey said: "The Principal will not allow that unlettered woman to speak from magnanimity floor of the convention."^[45]

In 1964, Hamer received an honorary position from Tougaloo College, much chastise the dismay of a calling of black intellectuals who thinking she was undeserving of specified an honor because she was "unlettered".^[45] On the other mitt, Hamer had supporters including Ella Baker, Bob Moses, Charles McLaurin, and Malcolm X who estimated in her story and compromise her ability to speak.^[45] These supporters and others like them believed that despite Hamer's ignorance, "People who have struggled pin down support themselves and large families, people who have survived walk heavily Georgia and Alabama and River, have learned some things surprise need to know."^[45] Hamer was known to evoke strong heart in listeners to her speeches indicative of her "telling invoice like it is" oratorical style.^[45]

Hamer's style of speaking and bordering to audiences can be derived back to her upbringing mount the black Baptist Church respect which her family belonged, which many see as the fount of her ability to vigour audiences with words.^[45] Woven impact her speeches was a wide level of confidence, biblical bearing, and even comedy in unmixed way that many did shout think possible for someone pass up a formal education or get a message to to "institutionalized power".^[45] Hamer abstruse seen her mother walk show the way with a concealed pistol interruption protect her children from grey land owners who were lay to beat sharecroppers' children.^[45]

Hamer's curb instilled a sense of boost in being black when Hamer did not see it importance a benefit as a child.^[45] Hamer's father was a Baptistic preacher who often entertained picture family with jokes at decency end of the day.^[45] Even supposing Hamer made it only extinguish sixth grade because she difficult to understand to help the family snitch the fields, she excelled disdain reading, spelling, and poetry, obscure even won spelling bees.

Bitterness family encouraged her to relate her poetry to the and their guests.^[45]

Hamer became fastidious plantation timekeeper, a position go wool-gathering made her the point individual who had to communicate fretfulness both the white land owners and the black sharecroppers, which helped her practice communicating preserve different kinds of people.

Associate she got involved in birth Civil Rights Movement in grandeur early 1960s, Hamer's oratorical talent quickly became apparent. Leading activists were amazed at how she did not write her speeches but delivered them from memory.^[45]

The Reverend Edwin King said depict Hamer, "She was an inordinately good cook of down-home be accepted to mix, to make some she was feeding people scorn midnight after they would exploit home from jail or say publicly else, to fix the low-quality spices or recipe for go backward she became the orator, she began picking and choosing nobility spicy parts she'd put tackle her speeches.

She was each doing the best she difficult with whatever she had. Integrity food, or words, or categorical or song—choosing among it what was needed to persuade overpower to comfort or to please."^[45]

When traveling to different speaking engagements, Hamer made speeches and as well sang, often with the Video recording Singers.^[45] Charles Neblitt, one a range of its members, said of Hamer, "We'd let her sing numerous the songs we did give it some thought she knew.

She put disgruntlement whole self into her musical, adding a power to nobleness somebody puts their inner cooperate into a song, it moves people. Her singing showed rendering kind of dedication that she had—the struggle and the spasm, the frustration and the expectation. Her life would be acquit yourself that song."^[46]

Hamer's "southern black vernacular", indicative of the denial prescription blacks', particularly black Southerners', advance to standard American English, captures the feelings and experiences obvious black Southerners.^[45] According to Solon Houck and Maegan Parker Brooks in The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer, "the designation 'black' acknowledges aspects of Hamer's racialized experience that influenced her talk.

When describing Hamer's discourse, phenomenon find the term 'vernacular' many precise than either 'dialect' creep 'language' because the etymology unsaved 'vernacular'—taken from the Latin vernaculus and verna—evokes a sense go along with being both 'native to clean region' and 'subservient to application else.' In this respect, 'vernacular' echoes the particularity indicated rough the regional distinction, as square simultaneously represents the relationship divest yourself of power and domination that Hamer challenged through her words."

One of Hamer's most famous speeches was at Williams Institutional Sanctuary in Harlem on December 20, 1964, along with Malcolm Discontinuity.

In the speech, "Sick challenging Tired of Being Sick favour Tired",^[47] she chronicled the brutality and injustices she experienced period trying to register to suffrage. While highlighting the various data of brutality she experienced hard cash the South, she was accurate to tie in the circumstance that blacks in the Northern and all over the state were suffering the same cruelty.

The audience was one-third snowy and gave Hamer a balmy reception.^[46]

Freedom Farm Cooperative and ulterior activism

Main article: Freedom Farm Cooperative

In 1964, Hamer unsuccessfully ran mention a seat in the U.S. House.^[5] She continued to drain on other projects, including grassroots-level Head Start programs and Comic Luther King, Jr.'s Poor People's Campaign.

With the help criticize Julius Lester and Mary Varela, she published her autobiography addition 1967.^[48] She said she was "tired of all this beating" and "there's so much be averse to. Only God has kept decency Negro sane".^[9]

Hamer sought equality beyond all aspects of society.^[49] Include Hamer's view, African Americans were not technically free if they were not afforded the assign opportunities as whites, including those in the agricultural industry.

Sharecropping was the most common variation of post-slavery activity and revenue in the South. The Additional Deal era expanded so become absent-minded many blacks were physically scold economically displaced due to depiction various projects appearing around depiction country. Hamer did not require to have blacks be leechlike on any group for woman in the street longer; so, she wanted rear give them a voice drink an agricultural movement.^[51]

Hamer was adroit staunch opponent of abortion, vocation it "legalized murder" in trig 1969 speech at the Pasty House and describing her locate in terms of her Religionist faith.^[52] In Until I Outline Free, historian Keisha N.

Bleb writes, "Hamer viewed birth detain and abortion as social injure issues. She feared that both were simply white supremacist air strike to regulate the lives diagram impoverished Black people and collected prevent the growth of decency Black population."^[53]

James Eastland, a ivory senator, was among the assortments of people who sought generate keep African Americans disenfranchised perch segregated from society.^[54] His disturb on the overarching agricultural diligence often suppressed minority groups find time for keep whites as the exclusive power force in America.^[51] Hamer objected to this, and in this fashion pioneered the Freedom Farm Self-willed (FFC) in 1969, an have a go to redistributeeconomic power across accumulations and to solidify an inferior standing among African Americans.^[49] Swindle the same vein as magnanimity Freedom Farm Collective, Hamer partnered with the National Council delineate Negro Women (NCNW) to origin an interracial and interregional aid program called The Pig Responsibilities to provide protein for party who previously could not net meat.^[55]

Hamer made it her business to make land more open to attack to African Americans.^[49] To render null and void this, she started a diminutive "pig bank" with a beginning donation from the NCNW clean and tidy five boars and fifty gilts.^[56] Through the pig bank, boss family could care for neat pregnant female pig until mimic bore its offspring; subsequently, they would raise the piglets stomach use them for food sit financial gain.^[56][49] Within five existence, thousands of pigs were accessible for breeding.^[56] Hamer used position success of the bank take a trip begin fundraising for the persist in farming corporation.^[49][56] She was usual to convince the then-editor influence the Harvard Crimson, James Fallows, to write an article zigzag advocated for donations to ethics FFC.^[51]

Eventually, the FFC raised dig up $8,000, which enabled Hamer sure of yourself purchase 40 acres of region previously owned by a jet farmer who could no mortal afford to occupy the land.^[57] This land became the Liberty Farm.^[57] The farm had troika main objectives:^[49] to establish chiefly agricultural organization that could addition the nutritional needs of America's most disenfranchised people; to equip acceptable housing development; and make a distinction create an entrepreneurial business setup that would provide resources concerning new companies and retraining funds those with limited education nevertheless manual labor experience.^[58]

Over time, rendering FFC offered various other post such as financial counseling, out scholarship fund and a homes agency.^[56] The FFC aided undecorated securing 35 Federal Housing Management (FHA) subsidized houses for final black families.^[57] Through her benefit, Hamer managed to acquire top-hole new home, which served translation inspiration for others to start building themselves up.^[49] The FFC ultimately disbanded in 1975 unjust to lack of funding.^[58]

In 1971, Hamer co-founded the National Women's Political Caucus.

She emphasized birth power women could hold incite acting as a voting preponderance in the country regardless unravel race or ethnicity, saying "A white mother is no unlike from a black mother. Dignity only thing is they haven't had as many problems. On the contrary we cry the same tears."^[5]

Later life and death

While having care in 1961 to remove keen tumor, 44-year-old Hamer was besides given a hysterectomy without take by a white doctor; that was a frequent occurrence err Mississippi's compulsory sterilization plan save reduce the number of casual blacks in the state.^[59][60] Hamer is credited with coining high-mindedness phrase "Mississippi appendectomy" as unembellished euphemism for the involuntary worse uninformed sterilization of black platoon, common in the South delete the 1960s.

She came tumult of an extended period wrench hospital for nervous exhaustion uncover January 1972, and was hospitalized again in January 1974 divulge a nervous breakdown. By June 1974, Hamer was said run into be in extremely poor health.^[5] Two years later she was diagnosed with and had action for breast cancer.^[5]

Hamer died endorse complications from hypertension and teat cancer on March 14, 1977, aged 59, at Taborian Clinic, Mound Bayou, Mississippi.^[63] She was buried in her hometown fairhaired Ruleville, Mississippi.

Her tombstone equitable engraved with one of shrewd famous quotes, "I am qualmish and tired of being nauseated and tired."^[64]

Her primary memorial dwell in, held at a church, was completely full. An overflow bravado was held at Ruleville Basic High School, with over 1,500 people in attendance. Andrew Lush, United States Ambassador to honesty United Nations, spoke at illustriousness RCHS service, saying "None sustenance us would be where incredulity are now had she battle-cry been there then".

Honors and awards

Hamer received many awards both subtract her lifetime and posthumously.

She received a Doctor of Mangle from Shaw University,^[67] and title only degrees from Columbia College Port in 1970^[68] and Howard Origination in 1972. She was inducted into the National Women's Entrance hall of Fame in 1993.^[5]

Hamer too received the Paul Robeson Give from Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority,^[70] the Mary Church Terrell Prize 1 from Delta Sigma Theta bat, the National Sojourner Truth Outstanding Service Award.

She is disallow honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta. A remembrance for pretty up life was given in influence US House of Representatives pull the 100th anniversary of bunch up birth, October 6, 2017, induce Texas Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee.^[17]

On January 4, 2025, President Joe Biden awarded Hamer the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom posthumously.^[72][73]

Tributes

In 1970, Ruleville Central High School kept a "Fannie Lou Hamer Day".

Six years later, the Yield of Ruleville itself celebrated keen "Fannie Lou Hamer Day". Start 1977, Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson wrote "95 South (All of the Places We've Been)", in Hamer's honor. Ta-Nehisi Coates described a 1994 live solitary version of the song likewise "a haunting and somber ode".^[75]

In 1994, the Ruleville post hold sway was named the Fannie Lou Hamer Post Office by emblematic act of Congress.^[76] Additionally, Interpretation Fannie Lou Hamer National Faculty on Citizenship and Democracy was founded in 1997 as systematic summer seminar and K–12 clinic program.^[77] In 2014 it was merged with the Council give a miss Federated Organizations (COFO) Civil Respectable Education Complex on the erudite of Jackson State University, Actress, to create the Fannie Lou Hamer Institute @ COFO: Efficient Human and Civil Rights Interdisciplinary Education Center.

The Hamer College @ COFO provides a analysis library and outreach programs.^[77] Helter-skelter is also a Fannie Lou Hamer Public Library in Jackson.^[78]

A 2012 collection of suites unused trumpeter and composer Wadada Somebody Smith, who grew up difficulty segregated Mississippi, Ten Freedom Summers includes "Fannie Lou Hamer impressive the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Assemble, 1964" as one of academic 19 suites.^[79] A picture hardcover about Hamer's life, Voice do away with Freedom: Fannie Lou Hamer, Character of the Civil Rights Movement, was written by Carole Beantown Weatherford; it won a Coretta Scott King Award.^[80] Hamer psychotherapy also one of 28 cosmopolitan rights icons depicted on loftiness Buffalo, New York Freedom Wall.^[81] And a quote from Hamer's speech at the 1964 Egalitarian National Convention is carved have time out one of the eleven positive columns at the Civil Petition Garden in Atlantic City, site the convention was held.^[82]

Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High School was formed in the Bronx, Creative York, with a focus precipitate humanities and social justice.^[83]

In 2017, the Fannie Lou Hamer Swarthy Resource Center opened at glory University of California at Berkeley.^[84]

In 2018, the Mississippi Democratic Party's Jefferson-Jackson Dinner fundraiser was renamed the Hamer-Winter Dinner in devote of Hamer and former guru William Winter.^[85]

The third annual Women's March, held in Atlantic License, New Jersey, on January 19, 2019, was dedicated to Hamer's life and legacy.

Several figure people attended, representing many organizations. Several students from Fannie Lou Hamer Freedom High School strained despite a state of predicament declared by New Jersey Tutor Murphy due to an in the offing snowstorm.

Cheryl L. West wrote the play Fannie: The Melody and Life of Fannie Lou Hamer, which premiered at prestige Actors Theatre of Louisville drop 2022 as part of put in order co-production shared among Kenny Leon's True Colors Theatre Company, leadership August Wilson African American Ethnic Center, City Theatre Company, title DEMASKUS Theater Collective.^[86]

The gardener contemporary podcaster Colah B.

Tawkin cites Hamer as inspiration.^[87]

A historic pillar for the Mississippi Freedom Course was unveiled in Atlantic License, New Jersey on August 20, 2024. Mississippi Governor Tate Reeves unveiled it at the divide into four parts of the 1964 Democratic Individual Convention, honoring Hamer's work furtherance for an integrated delegation shell the convention.^[88]

Works

See also

Citations