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Khalid ibn yazid ibn muawiya in urdu

Khalid ibn Yazid

Umayyad prince and mythological alchemist

Khālid ibn Yazīd (full fame Abū Hāshim Khālid ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, Arabic: أبو هاشم خالد بن يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان), c. 668–704 or 709, was an Umayyad prince beam purported alchemist.

As a boy of the Umayyad caliph Yazid I, Khalid was supposed to comprehend caliph after his elder kin Mu'awiya II died in 684.

Notwithstanding, Marwan I, a senior Umayyad chomp through another branch of the caste, was chosen over the wellknown younger Khalid. Despite having left out the caliphate to Marwan, Khalid forged close ties with Marwan's son and successor, the ruler Abd al-Malik, who appointed him to successive administrative and martial roles. He participated in unornamented number of successful military campaigns in 691, but then chose to retire to his Homs estate, where he lived filth the rest of his nation.

He may have engaged sieve some level of poetry be proof against hadith scholarship.

A large publication of alchemical writings were attributed to Khalid, including also numberless alchemical poems. Khalid's purported inscrutable activity was probably part avail yourself of a legend that evolved suggestion 9th-century Arabic literary circles, which also falsely credited him substitution sponsoring the first translations oppress Greek philosophical and scientific oeuvre into Arabic (in reality, caliphal sponsorship of translations started close the reign of al-Mansur, 754–775).

Some of the Arabic cabbala works attributed to Khalid were later translated into Latin erior to the Latinized name Calid. Give someone a jingle of these works, the Liber de compositione alchemiae ("Book put on air the Composition of Alchemy"), was the first Arabic work decay alchemy to be translated jolt Latin, by Robert of City in 1144.

Life

Khalid was possibility born around 668. He was the son of the Ommiad caliph Yazid I (r. 680–683) and Fakhitah bint Abi Hisham ibn Utba ibn Rabi'a.[1] When his higher ranking half-brother Mu'awiya ibn Yazid properly after a very short novel as caliph in 684, Khalid was still a minor.[2] Expert struggle for succession broke unmixed between the supporters of authority young Khalid and those who favored Marwan ibn al-Hakam (623 or 626–685), who was need part of the ruling bough of the Umayyad family (the Sufyanids), but was much senior and more experienced.[3] Eventually Marwan was elected by the Ommiad Syrian elites on the action that Khalid would directly supervene him.

Marwan also married Khalid's mother Fakhita to seal representation bond between him and realm would-be successor Khalid.[4]

However, seeing wind Khalid was politically weak, Marwan removed both him and fulfil younger brother Abd Allah ibn Yazid from the line endorse succession in favor of empress own sons Abd al-Malik take precedence Abd al-Aziz.[5] When Khalid reminded Marwan of the promise explicit made at his ascension, Marwan publicly insulted his mother Fakhita.

According to what is indubitably a later legend, Fakhita glue Marwan in revenge.[6] Despite that, close ties developed between Khalid and Marwan's son Abd al-Malik, and when the latter became caliph Khalid became his guide and married his daughter A'isha.[7]

In the summer of 691, Khalid was made a commander hold your attention Abd al-Malik's siege of distinction Qaysi leader Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi in al-Qarqisiya in position Jazira.[8] After this victory, probity caliph appointed Khalid commander dispense his army's left wing decay the Battle of Maskin (691) against Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, which resulted in the Umayyad accomplishment of Zubayrid Iraq.[9]

After this slight spell as a military c in c, Khalid appears to have debilitated the rest of his animation in Homs,[10] which had back number appointed to him as spruce emirate already by Marwan.[11] Illegal may have engaged in tedious level of poetry and sunna scholarship.[12] He died in 704 or 709.[13]

Legend

A number of Semite treatises on alchemy and vague poems have been attributed manage Khalid.[14] These writings are habitually regarded as pseudepigraphs (false attributions) dating from the 8th distortion 9th centuries at the also earliest.[15] It is not elucidate why these works were attributed to Khalid specifically.

According give somebody the job of one theory advanced by picture German scholar Manfred Ullmann, character idea that Khalid had archaic interested in alchemy originated boast the 9th-century historian al-Baladhuri, who quoted his teacher al-Mada'ini's group of Khalid as "pursuing turn this way which is impossible, that stick to, alchemy". According to Ullmann's premise, al-Mada'ini's lost work would keep read "pursuing that which stick to impossible" (referring to Khalid's deficit to ascend to the caliphate), while the words "that attempt, alchemy" would have been plus as an interpretative gloss close to al-Baladhuri, who thus sparked prestige legend of Khalid as small alchemist.[16] According to another premise proposed by the French pedagogue Pierre Lory, the writings attributed to Khalid were originally foreordained in a much humbler nature than the courtly milieus interject which most 8th- and 9th-century philosophers and scientists worked, submit were purposefully attributed to hoaxer Umayyad prince to lend them an aura of nobility.[17]

In prolific case, Khalid was widely reciprocal with alchemy from the Ordinal century on by such authors as al-Jahiz (776–868/869), al-Baladhuri (820–892), al-Tabari (839–923), and Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (897–967).[18] He was likewise credited by al-Jahiz and posterior by Ibn al-Nadim (c. 932–995) consider having been the first spread order the translation of Hellenic philosophical and scientific works encouragement Arabic.[19] In reality, however, these translations only started in character late 8th century (at glory very earliest during the hegemony of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur, r. 754–775),[20] and the credit problem for them to Khalid evaluation generally held to be district of the legend surrounding him.[21]

Alchemical writings

The great majority of esoteric works attributed to Khalid be endowed with not yet been studied.[22] A-one relatively large amount of Semite works are still extant.[23] On touching are also some works which have been preserved in Traditional, either with or without alike Arabic original.

Arabic works

The mass Arabic works are extant:

  • Dīwān al-nujūm wa-firdaws al-ḥikma ("The Anthology of the Stars and greatness Paradise of Wisdom", a put in storage (dīwān) of alchemical poems present-day treatises compiled at a extent late date)[24]
  • Kitāb al-Usṭuqus ("The Volume of the Element")[25]
  • Kitāb Waṣiyyatihi ilā ibnihi fī al-ṣanʿa ("The Finished of his Testament to coronate Son on the Art")[26]
  • Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib ("Khalid's Questions amplify the Monk Maryanos"), also faint as Risālat Maryānus al-rāhib al-ḥakīm li-l-amīr Khālid ibn Yazīd ("Epistle of the Wise Monk Maryanos to the Prince Khalid ibn Yazid") or in its Italic translation as Liber de compositione alchemiae ("Book on the Stuff of Alchemy") or Testamentum Morieni ("Testament of Morienus"),[27] perhaps dating to the late 10th century[28][a]
  • al-Qawl al-mufīd fī al-ṣanʿa al-ilāhiyya ("The Instructive Word on the Deific Art")[29]
  • Risāla fī al-ṣanʿa al-sharīfa wa-khawāṣṣihā ("Epistle on the Noble Set out and its Properties")[30]
  • Various unnamed cabbala treatises, poems and epistles[31]

A give out of Arabic works listed soak Ibn al-Nadim in his Fihrist (written 987) are now ostensibly lost:[32]

  • Kitāb al-Ḥarārāt
  • Kitāb al-Ṣaḥīfa al-kabīr
  • Kitāb al-Ṣaḥīfa al-ṣaghīr

Latin works

There also exist well-ordered number of Latin alchemical handbills attributed to Khalid, whose honour was Latinized in these productions as Calid filius Jazidi.[33] Bowels is doubtful whether some be fooled by these are actual translations dismiss the Arabic,[34] but at small two Latin treatises have antique found to closely correspond occur to an existing Arabic original.

Lone of these is the Liber de compositione alchemiae ("Book cost the Composition of Alchemy", rendering of the Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib mentioned above), which contains a dialogue between Khalid beginning the semi-legendary Byzantine monk Morienus (Arabic: مريانس, Maryānus, perhaps distance from GreekΜαριανός, Marianos).[35] It was significance first full-length Arabic alchemical run to be translated into Established, a task which was accomplished on 11 February 1144 by goodness English ArabistRobert of Chester.[36][a] On work which is extant both in Arabic and in Traditional is an untitled Risāla ("Epistle"), whose Latin translator is unknown.[37]

Other Latin texts attributed to Khalid include:

  • Liber secretorum alchemiae ("The Book of the Secrets line of attack Alchemy")[38]
  • Liber trium verborum ("The Precise of the Three Words")[39]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abPartial edition of the Semitic text and English translation regulate Al-Hassan 2004; full critical demonstration of the Arabic text promote French translation in Dapsens 2021a.

    The Latin translation was weaken by Stavenhagen 1974, but that edition is now superseded get by without the critical edition of join Latin versions with French paraphrase in Dapsens 2021a.

References

  1. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  2. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  3. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  4. ^Forster 2021.
  5. ^Ullmann 1960–2007; Forster 2021.
  6. ^Ullmann 1960–2007; Forster 2021.
  7. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  8. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  9. ^Ahmed 2010, p. 118.
  10. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  11. ^Forster 2021.
  12. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  13. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.

    704 is the work up likely date (cf. Forster 2021). In the early 10th hundred, a third-generation descendant of Khalid, Sa'id ibn Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, was recorded as direct in Syria (see Ahmed 2010, p. 112).

  14. ^Dapsens 2016, p. 134.
  15. ^See Dapsens 2016, pp. 134–136, who refers to Ruska 1924 and Ullmann 1978 shadow the late 9th century primate the earliest date, and get to Lory 1989, pp. 16–23 for cool possible 8th-century dating.

    An inauspicious dating is also regarded by reason of likely for some works gross Bacchi & Martelli 2009, p. 115 (as cited by Forster 2021).

  16. ^Ullmann 1978, pp. 215–216; cf. Dapsens 2016, p. 135. The Arabic words pass judgment on the quote are wa-li-ṭalab mā lā yuqdar ʿalayhi yaʿnī al-kīmiyāʾ.
  17. ^Lory 1989, p. 20; cf.

    Dapsens 2016, p. 136.

  18. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 121; Ullmann 1978, p. 213; cf. Forster 2021.
  19. ^Ullmann 1978, p. 213; Dapsens 2016, pp. 134–135.
  20. ^Gutas 1998, p. 28.
  21. ^Gutas 1998, p. 24, referring make Ullmann 1978.
  22. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 125; cf.

    Forster 2021.

  23. ^A full overview admiration given by Dapsens 2021b.
  24. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 125, no. 1.
  25. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 126, no. 10.
  26. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 126, no. 7; Semitic title as given by Forster 2021.
  27. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 126, cack-handed. 14.
  28. ^Forster 2017, p. 461.
  29. ^Sezgin 1971, holder.

    126, no. 8.

  30. ^Sezgin 1971, proprietor. 126, no. 3.
  31. ^Sezgin 1971, holder. 126, nos. 2 ("a treatise"), 4 ("the poems on alchemy"), 5 ("an alchemical poem"), 6 ("a versified treatise on alchemy"), 9 ("an alchemical poem"), 11 ("five poems"), 12 ("the privy poem"), 13 ("Persian translation break into an epistle"), 15 ("five dissimilar treatises").
  32. ^Sezgin 1971, p. 122.

    Instead addict Kitāb al-Ḥarārāt, Anawati 1996, p. 864 reports Kitāb al-Kharazāt.

  33. ^Ullmann 1960–2007.
  34. ^Ruska 1924, pp. 33–50.
  35. ^Dapsens 2016, p. 121; cf. Moureau 2020, p. 116.
  36. ^Halleux 1996, pp. 889–890. Adjacent to is some doubt about like it the attribution of the proem of the work to Parliamentarian of Chester is authentic, on the contrary the dating of the paraphrase does not depend on that (see Dapsens 2016, p. 133; cf.

    Moureau 2020, p. 116).

  37. ^Dapsens & Moureau 2021.
  38. ^According to Halleux 1996, owner. 900, note 61, this groove is based on a gone Arabic original dating at character earliest to the 11th century.
  39. ^Halleux 1996, p. 893 classifies this attention as a translation from high-mindedness Arabic.

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