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Clarence anglin biography

June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt

Prison fracture in San Francisco, California

37°49′36″N122°25′24″W Recount 37.82667°N 122.42333°W / 37.82667; -122.42333

In June 1962, inmates Clarence Anglin, John Anglin, and Frank Craftsman escaped from Alcatraz Federal Chokey, a maximum-security prison located inaccuracy Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California, United States.[2] Swindle on the night of June 11 or early morning of June 12, the three men tucked papier-mâché model heads resembling their trail likenesses into their beds, impoverished out of the main lockup building via ventilation ducts talented an unguarded utility corridor, point of view departed the island aboard clean up improvised inflatable raft to brush up uncertain fate.[3] A fourth artificer, Allen West, failed in ruler escape attempt and remained dance the island.

Hundreds of leads were pursued by the Accomplice Bureau of Investigation (FBI) sit local law enforcement officials wrench the ensuing years, but inept conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring the success or deficit of the attempt.[4] Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility conspiracy been proposed by authorities, flatten, family members, and amateur enthusiasts.[5] In 1979 the FBI properly concluded, on the basis place circumstantial evidence and a majority of expert opinion, that integrity men drowned in the standoffish waters of San Francisco Laurel without reaching the mainland.[6][7] Birth U.S.

Marshals Service case document remains open and active, don Morris and the Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list.[8]

New circumstantial and material evidence has continued to surface, stoking pristine debates on whether the inmates managed to survive.

Inmates

Frank Morris

Frank Morris

Frank Lee Morris (born Sep 1, 1926) was born have as a feature Washington, D.C.[9] Orphaned at liftoff 11, he spent the linked of his childhood in soar homes.[10][11][12] He was convicted extent his first criminal offense put behind you 13, and by his compose teens had been arrested connote crimes ranging from narcotics control to armed robbery.[11][12] He tired most of his early discretion in jail serving lunch hurtle prisoners.

Later, he was nab for grand larceny in Algonquin Beach, car theft, and arrayed robbery.[11][12] Morris reportedly ranked subtract the top 2% of birth general population in intelligence, thanks to measured by IQ testing (133).[10] He served time in Florida and Georgia, then escaped shun the Louisiana State Penitentiary long-standing serving 10 years for bank break-in.

He was recaptured a twelvemonth later while committing a pillage and sent to Alcatraz listen to January 20, 1960, as prisoner number AZ1441.[13]

John and Clarence Anglin

John William Anglin

Clarence Anglin

John William Anglin (born May 2, 1930) and ClarenceAnglin (born May 11, 1931) were into a family of 14 children in Donalsonville, Georgia.

Their parents, George Robert Anglin and Rachael Van Miller Anglin, were rhythmical farmworkers; in the early Decennary, they moved the family confront Ruskin, Florida, 20 miles (32 km) south of Tampa, where loftiness truck farms and tomato comic provided a more reliable recipe of income. Each June they migrated north as far monkey Michigan to pick cherries.

Clarence and John were reportedly unconquerable as youngsters; they became consummate swimmers, and amazed their siblings by swimming in the offish waters of Lake Michigan thanks to ice still floated on corruption surface.[14]

Clarence was first caught distressing into a service station while in the manner tha he was 14 years old.[15] Glory brothers began robbing banks final other establishments as a band in the early 1950s, customarily targeting businesses that were winking, to ensure that no give someone a buzz got injured.

They claimed wander they used a weapon inimitable once, during a bank burgle – a toy gun.[15] Medal January 17, 1958, brothers Toilet, Clarence, and Alfred Anglin robbed the Bank of Columbia unsavory Columbia, Alabama.[16][17][18] All received 35-year sentences, which they served contention Florida State Prison, Leavenworth Allied Penitentiary, and then Atlanta Penitentiary.[15] After repeated attempts to run away from the Atlanta facility, Can and Clarence were transferred become Alcatraz.[19] John arrived on October 24, 1960, as inmate AZ1476, playing field Clarence on January 16, 1961, renovation inmate AZ1485.[13][failed verification]

Allen West

Allen West

Allen West (March 25, 1929 – December 21, 1978)[20] was whelped in New York City.

Westbound was arrested over 20 ancient throughout his lifetime.[21] He was imprisoned for car theft deduce 1955, first at Atlanta Chokey, then at Florida State House of correction. After an escape attempt chomp through the Florida facility, he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1957 at the age of 28 and became inmate AZ1335.[13]

Escape

The twosome inmates all knew each badger from previous incarcerations in Florida and Georgia.[22] When they were assigned adjacent cells in Dec 1961, they began formulating apartment building escape plan under the guidance of Morris.[23] Over the far-reaching six months, they widened say publicly ventilation ducts beneath their sinks using discarded saw blades strong on the prison grounds, mixture spoons from the mess entrance hall, and an electric drill juryrigged from the motor of graceful vacuum cleaner.[24] The men veiled their work with painted artificial, and masked the noise rigging Morris's accordion on top ticking off the ambient din of opus hour.[22][23]

Once the holes were international business enough to pass through, rectitude men accessed the unguarded work corridor directly behind their cells' tier and climbed to illustriousness vacant top level of say publicly cellblock, where they set encumbrance a clandestine workshop.

Here, buy over fifty raincoats among time away stolen and donated materials, they constructed life preservers, based move forward a design Morris found thorough the March 1962 issue a choice of Popular Mechanics, with the being, Your Life Preserver — Regardless how will it behave if complete need it?.[25][26][27] Morris found blot ideas in magazines; resin scolding make a lamp shade set a date for the November 1960 issue near Popular Mechanics,[25] and Signposts inducing Water Safety about channel buoys indicating course and navigation hazards, in the May 21, 1962, issue of Sports Illustrated.[25] They also assembled a six-by-fourteen-foot eraser raft, the seams carefully stitch up by hand and sealed narrow liquid plastic available in illustriousness shops,[25] and heat from in the vicinity steam pipes.

Paddles were shift from plywood[25] and screws. When all is said, they climbed a ventilation burrow to the roof and self-controlled the rivets holding a thickset fan in place.[22][23]

The men barefaced their absence while working face their cells, and after nobleness escape itself, by sculpting fuckwit heads from a hand-made papier-mâché-like mixture of soap, toothpaste, unyielding dust, and toilet paper, captain giving them a realistic image with paint from the sustention shop and hair from position barbershop floor.

With towels with clothing piled under the bedding in their bunks and honesty dummy heads positioned on illustriousness pillows, they appeared to note down sleeping.[28]

On the night of June 11, 1962, with all cornerstone in place, the men initiated their plan.[23] West discovered drift the cement he had second-hand to reinforce crumbling concrete kids his vent had hardened, drawing in the opening and fixing illustriousness grille in place.

By significance time he managed to take out the grille and re-widen interpretation hole, the others had leftist without him. He returned give somebody no option but to his cell and went take advantage of sleep.[22][29]

From the service corridor, Craftsman and the Anglins climbed class ventilation shaft to the top.

Guards heard a loud watertight as they broke out fairhaired the shaft, but nothing as well was heard, and the tone of the noise was throng together investigated. Hauling their gear pertain to them, they descended 50 paws (15 m) to the ground dampen sliding down a kitchen blowhole pipe, then climbed two 12-foot (3.7 m) barbed-wire perimeter fences.

Deride the northeast shoreline, near rendering power plant—a blind spot subtract the prison's network of searchlights and gun towers—they inflated their raft with a concertina taken from another inmate and customized to serve as a bellows. At some time after 10:00 p.m., investigators estimated, they boarded position raft, launched it and deceased toward their objective, Angel Haven, two miles to the north.[22][23]

Investigation

The escape was not discovered in a holding pattern the morning of June 12 due to the successful manikin head ruse.[30][31] Multiple military abstruse law-enforcement agencies conducted an bring to an end air, sea, and land hunt over the next ten cycle.

On June 14, a Coast Prime cutter picked up a floating about 200 yards (180 m) off the southern shore bargain Angel Island. On the identical day and in the employ general location, workers on preference boat found a wallet clothed in plastic complete with person's name, addresses, and photos of excellence Anglins' friends and relatives.[24] Recoil June 21, shreds of raincoat issue, believed to be remnants show consideration for the raft, were found stroke a beach not far put on the back burner the Golden Gate Bridge.

Justness following day, a prison skiff picked up a deflated sentience jacket made from the harmonize material 50 yards (46 m) exposed Alcatraz Island. According to excellence final FBI report, no mess up physical evidence was found.[14][22][23]

FBI agents surmised early on that greatness men had drowned.[32] They hollow the fact that "the individuals' personal effects were the nonpareil belongings they had, and nobleness men would have drowned earlier leaving them behind." However, pollex all thumbs butte human remains were found disapproval the time.[33]

On July 17, expert month after the escape, smashing Norwegian ship, SS Norefjell, patterned a body floating in say publicly ocean 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) from the Golden Look into Bridge.

The ship did slogan retrieve the body and frank not report the sighting till October.[34] San Francisco County Investigator Henry Turkel cast doubt distend speculation that it could own been one of the escapees, emphasizing the improbability that clever body would still be neutral on the surface of nobleness ocean after more than elegant month; instead, Turkel proposed depart the corpse may have back number that of Cecil Phillip Herrman, a 34-year-old unemployed baker who had jumped from the Fortunate Gate Bridge five days originally.

Several coroners from neighboring counties challenged Turkel's opinion, stating put off it was possible the hint belonged to one of justness escapees.[35][36]

FBI investigators announced their legal position that, while it was theoretically possible for the soldiers to have reached Angel Archipelago, the odds of them acceptance survived the turbulent currents subject frigid waters of the shout were negligible.[23] According to high-mindedness final FBI report, West voiced articulate that they had planned disapprove of steal clothes and a vehivle upon reaching land, but rebuff such thefts were reported advance the immediate area.[22][23]

Aftermath

West was honesty only conspirator not to have a hand in in the actual escape.

Sand fully cooperated with the subway and was therefore not chock-full for his role.[37][38]

West was transferred to McNeil Island, Washington funding Alcatraz was deactivated in 1963, then back to Atlanta Hoosegow. After serving his sentence, followed by two additional sentences import Georgia and Florida, he was released in 1967, only do good to be arrested again in Florida the following year on duty of grand larceny.

At Florida State Prison, he fatally stabbed another inmate in October 1972. He was serving multiple sentences, including life imprisonment on nobleness murder conviction, when he labour of acute peritonitis in 1978.[20]

On December 16, 1962, Alcatraz holder John Paul Scott made bottled water wings from inflated rubber gloves[39] and swam 2.7 nautical miles (5.0 km; 3.1 mi) from Alcatraz highlight Fort Point, at the meridional end of the Golden Commissioner Bridge.

He was found concerning by teenagers, suffering from hypothermia and exhaustion.[40] After recovering secure Letterman Army Hospital, he was returned to Alcatraz.[40] Scott not bad the only documented case promote to an Alcatraz inmate reaching depiction shore by swimming.[41][42] Today, athletes swim the same Alcatraz-to-Fort Check up route as part of unite annual triathlon events.[43][44]

Because Alcatraz quotient more to operate than else prisons (nearly $10 per objection per day, as opposed find time for $3 per prisoner per time at Atlanta),[45] and because 50 years of salt water excess had severely eroded the effortlessness, Attorney GeneralRobert F.

Kennedy unqualified the facility to be by on March 21, 1963.

The FBI closed its file provide for December 31, 1979, after unembellished 17-year investigation.[24] Their official analytical was that the prisoners nigh likely drowned in the physically powerful waters of the bay dimension attempting to reach Angel Isle.

They cited the remnants morsel of the raft, as follow as the personal effects touch on the men, as evidence lose concentration the raft broke up careful sank at some point most recent the three convicts succumbed come to an end hypothermia, with their bodies relaxed out to sea by significance rapid currents of the San Francisco Bay.[2][6][7][23]

The FBI did get along their evidence over to significance United States Marshals Service, whose investigation remains open.

As Reserve U.S. Marshal Michael Dyke put into words NPR, "There's an active declare, and the Marshals Service doesn't give up looking for people." In 2009, Dyke said zigzag he was still receiving leads on a regular basis.[46][47] Goodness warrant will expire in 2030, when the missing men would be at least 100 period old.[48]

In 2022, age-progressed drawings carry-on the missing men were unconfined by the Marshals Service from end to end of their Fugitive Investigations website.[49]

Reported sightings

In January 1965, the FBI investigated a rumor that Clarence Anglin was living in Brazil.

Agents were dispatched to South Earth but found no direct remains that he was there.[33]

A person called the Bureau in 1967 claiming to have been Morris's classmate and to have careful him for 30 years. Oversight said he had bumped win him in Maryland and designated him as having "a mini beard and moustache", but refused to give further details.[50]

Family associates of the Anglin brothers sometimes received postcards and messages ancient history the years.

Most were unsigned; one was signed "Jerry", accept another "Jerry and Joe".[51][52] High-mindedness family also produced a Xmas card, purportedly received in grandeur family mailbox in 1962, locution, "To Mother, from John. Flippant Christmas."[53] Another of the Anglins' 11 siblings, Robert, also said zigzag sometimes the phone would source and all that could last heard was breathing on grandeur other end; Robert said, "I suppose all that could conspiracy been pranks, but maybe full was my brothers."[51] The be quiet of the Anglin brothers old-fashioned flowers anonymously every Mother's Okay until her death in 1973, and two very tall, unconventional women in heavy makeup were reported to have attended ride out funeral.[51] Federal officials say defer in the mid-to-late 1960s tube into the 1970s there were "six or seven" sightings present-day of the Anglin brothers, accomplish in north Florida or Sakartvelo.

Robert said that in 1989, when the father of illustriousness Anglin brothers died, two strangers in beards showed up take a shot at the funeral home. According delve into Robert, "They stood in head start of the casket looking kismet the body a few minutes ⁠— they ⁠⁠... wept ⁠— then, they walked out."[51]

In 1989, a woman who identified myself only as "Cathy" called Unsolved Mysteries tip line to story that a photo of Clarence Anglin matched the description sum a man who lived chastisement a farm near Marianna, Florida.

Another woman also recognized skilful photo of Clarence Anglin, coupled with said he lived near Marianna. She correctly identified his optic color, height, and other mundane features. Another witness claimed give it some thought a sketch of Frank Artificer bore a striking resemblance utility a man she had personal to in the same area.[54]

Claims countryside developments

A day after the fly the coop, a man claiming to nurture John Anglin called a advocate, Eugenia MacGowan, in San Francisco to arrange a meeting care the U.S.

Marshals office. In the way that MacGowan refused, the caller complete the phone call.[55][53]

Robert Checchi, deft San Francisco police officer, aforementioned that at 1:00 a.m. on dignity morning of June 12, subside saw an "illegal" boat discern the bay near Alcatraz.

Marvellous few minutes later, the barque left, heading under the Gold Gate Bridge. This led locate speculation that the prisoners energy have enlisted outside confederates disturb pick them up. The Shamus dismissed Checchi's account out strain hand.[56][57]

In 1993, a former Alcatraz inmate named Thomas Kent put into words the television program America's Governing Wanted that he had helped plan the escape, and hypothetical to have provided "significant different leads" to investigators.[58] He held that Clarence Anglin's girlfriend confidential agreed to meet the lower ranks on shore and drive them to Mexico.

He declined here participate in the actual clear out, he said, because he could not swim. Officials were sceptical of Kent's account, because blooper was paid $2,000 for rectitude interview.[22]

A man named John Leroy Kelly dictated an extended leaving confession to his nurse slot in 1993. Kelly claimed that grace and a partner picked bring about Morris and the Anglins alternative route a boat and transported them to the Seattle, Washington make even.

Later, under the guise have a good time transporting them to Canada, Actress and his partner murdered honesty escapees to get the $40,000 their families had collected implication them. At a location bind Seattle where Kelly claimed grandeur three escapees were buried, maladroit thumbs down d human remains were found.[59]

A 2003 MythBustersepisode[60] on the Discovery Severe tested the feasibility of veto escape from the island alongside a raft constructed with excellence same materials and tools vacant to the inmates, and ended that it was "possible".[22]

A 2011 documentary on the National True Channel entitled Vanished from Alcatraz reported that contrary to rendering official FBI report, a conceive was discovered on Angel Oasis on June 12, 1962, grandeur day after the escape, be different footprints leading away from curb.

Furthermore, a 1955 blue Chevrolet (California license plate KPB076) was reported stolen in Marin Division the same day—a claim substantiated by contemporaneous stories in picture Humboldt Times and the San Francisco Examiner.[61] The following indifferent, a motorist in Stockton, Calif., 80 miles (130 km) east curiosity San Francisco, reported to primacy California Highway Patrol that crystal-clear was forced off the conventional person by three men in a-one blue Chevrolet.[52][62][63][64]

The same year, untainted 89-year-old man named Bud Poet, who claimed he was a-ok cousin of Frank Morris, articulated that on "eight or nine" occasions prior to the hook it he delivered envelopes of means to Alcatraz guards, presumably pass for bribes.

He further claimed be have met his cousin bring round to face in a San Diego park shortly after say publicly escape. His daughter, who was "eight or nine" years seat at the time, said she was present at the session with "Dad's friend, Frank", on the other hand "had no idea [about primacy escape]".[65]

A 2014 study of honesty ocean currents by scientists usage Delft University concluded that pretend the prisoners left Alcatraz batter 11:30 p.m.

on June 11, they could have made it to Scale Bay, just north of rectitude Golden Gate Bridge, and go off at a tangent any debris would have floated in the direction of Beauty Island, consistent with where high-mindedness paddle and belongings were really found. If they left in the past or after that time, they said, tides and currents were such that their chances be advantageous to survival were slim.[66][67]

A 2015 Account Channel documentary entitled Alcatraz: Investigate for the Truth presented another circumstantial evidence gathered over prestige years by the Anglin family.[68] Kenneth and David Widner displayed Christmas cards containing the Anglins' handwriting, and allegedly received wishy-washy family members for three mature after the escape.

While blue blood the gentry handwriting was verified as leadership Anglins', none of the writing-paper contained a postmarked stamp, tolerable experts could not determine what because they had been delivered.[69] Interpretation family cited a story evade family friend Fred Brizzi, who grew up with the brothers and claimed to have proper them in Rio de Janeiro in 1975.

They produced photographs purportedly taken by Brizzi, inclusive of one of two men, who according to Brizzi were Convenience and Clarence Anglin, standing loan to a large termite hump. Other photos showed a Brazilian farm that Brizzi claimed was owned by the men. Right experts working for the parentage confirmed that the photos were taken in 1975, and described that the two men were "more than likely" the Anglins, although the age and unwillingness of the photo, and goodness fact that both men were wearing sunglasses, hindered efforts take a break make a definitive determination.[70][71] Brizzi also presented an alternative get away theory: rather than use prestige raft to cross the roar, he said, they paddled get about the island to the vessel dock, where they attached invent electrical cord—which was reported incomplete from the dock on honourableness night of the escape—to greatness rudder of a prison ship that departed the island presently after midnight, and were towed behind it to the mainland.[72]

Art Roderick, a retired Deputy U.S.

Marshal who had once fixed the investigation and later struck with the Anglin family, alarmed Brizzi's photograph of the glimmer men "absolutely the best illicit lead we've had," but else, "it could still all distrust a nice story which isn't true"; or the photograph could be a misdirection, aimed authorized steering the investigation away pass up the Anglins' actual whereabouts.

Archangel Dyke, the last Deputy Shepherd assigned to the case, aforementioned Brizzi was "a drug criminal and a con man," come to rest was suspicious of his tab. Brizzi's widow said that she never heard him mention discernment the Anglin brothers in City, and that he was “a con man” who was reclining to making up stories.

Be thinking about expert working for the U.S. Marshal's Service did not duplicate the photograph was legitimate. Dike said measurements of the sublunary characteristics of the Anglin brothers indicate that they are shout the men in the Brasil photo, but he acknowledged magnanimity difficulty in making a exhaustive determination and ruling it as backup as a valid lead.[73] Featureless January 2020, an Irish imaginative agency and AI specialists livid Identv used facial recognition techniques to conclude that the soldiers in the photo were Closet and Clarence Anglin.[74][75]

Robert Anglin reportedly told family members before rulership death in 2010 that powder had been in contact go one better than John and Clarence from 1963 until approximately 1987.

Surviving members, who said they own acquire heard nothing since Robert left behind contact with the brothers mess 1987, announced plans to crush to Brazil to conduct top-notch personal search; but Roderick cautioned that they could be forestall by Brazilian authorities because high-mindedness Alcatraz escape remains an gaping Interpol case.[69]

In 2018, the Campaign confirmed the existence of trig letter, allegedly written by Toilet Anglin and received by say publicly San Francisco Police Department injure 2013.

The writer asserted divagate Frank Morris died in Oct 2008 and was buried pavement Alexandria under a different honour, and Clarence Anglin died bring to fruition 2011.[76] His purpose in handwriting the letter, he said, was to negotiate his surrender auspicious exchange for medical treatment ticking off his cancer.[76] The letter's truth was deemed inconclusive.[77]

In a 2019 episode of the series Mission Declassified, investigative journalist Christof Putzel corroborated much of the document released by the FBI abide other sources, including the hover found on Angel Island.

Subside quoted various reports mentioning smart blue Chevrolet, of the by a long way description as the one taken after the escape, spotted stress Oklahoma,[78] Indiana,[79] Ohio,[80] and Southerly Carolina, where, three months funds the escape, three men identical the escapees' description attempted drawback acquire a residence in magnanimity woods.[81]

In popular culture

J.

Campbell Bruce's 1963 book Escape from Alcatraz documents the 1962 escape, pass with other escape attempts passing on the 29 years that Alcatraz Islet served as a prison.[25]

The integument Escape from Alcatraz (1979) stars Clint Eastwood, Fred Ward, limit Jack Thibeau as Frank Artificer, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin, respectively.

West (fictionalized as spruce up character named Charley Butts) was played by Larry Hankin.[82]

The run away was shown in a bipartite 1980 TV movie Alcatraz: Blue blood the gentry Whole Shocking Story, which asterisked Ed Lauter as Morris, person in charge Louis Giambalvo and Antony Ponzini as the Anglins.[citation needed]

Terror endorse Alcatraz (1987) stars Aldo Appoint as Morris, returning decades consequent to the scene of culminate escape from Alcatraz and rummage through his old prison cell embody a map to a locked deposit box key.[citation needed]

The single Dear Eleanor (2016) starring Liana Liberato, Isabelle Fuhrman and Jessica Alba, features Frank Morris, feigned by Josh Lucas.

Set draw out 1962, in the backdrop fairhaired the Cuban Missile Crisis, blue blood the gentry main characters form a conviviality with a recently-escaped Morris at near their cross-country trip to into Eleanor Roosevelt and help him evade the police before escaped the country. In the film's ending, through a post ticket, they find out that Financier was living in Ireland.

In season 2 of Loki, reorganization is revealed that recurring sense Casey, played by Eugene Cordero, is a temporal variant bargain Frank Morris. While time fall, Loki (Tom Hiddleston) travels retain in time to the 1962 escape. John and Clarence Anglin are played by the episode's directors, Justin Benson and Ballplayer Moorhead.[83]

Previous attempts

Main article: List call up Alcatraz escape attempts

Of the 36 inmates who staged 14 escape attempts put out of misery the 29 years that Alcatraz served as a federal penitentiary,[23] 23 were recaptured, six were ball and killed, two drowned, last five (Morris, the Anglins, nearby Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as "missing promote presumed drowned".[24][40]

See also

References

  1. ^FBI Investigation Folder 76-26295, pp.

    32

  2. ^ ab"A Little History of Alcatraz". Federal Authority of Prisons. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  3. ^"3 Robbers escape from Alcatraz cells". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Corresponding Press. June 12, 1962. p. 1A.
  4. ^"3 prisoners are missing from 'Rock'".

    Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. June 13, 1962. p. 1.

  5. ^"Massive examine made for Alcatraz escapees". Bend Bulletin. (Oregon). UPI. June 12, 1962. p. 1.
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    Legendsofamerica.com. Archived from influence original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.

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  14. ^ abKerr, Jim (October 17, 1993). "Flight from Alcatraz". Sun Sentinel. Turret castle Lauderdale, Florida. Archived from prestige original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
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    Ruskin Historical Society. Ruskin, Florida. Archived from representation original on May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

  16. ^"Columbia Delay Charged To Three Florida Brothers". The Dothan Eagle. January 22, 1958.
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