Simon bolivar francisco de paula santander biography

Francisco de Paula Santander (b. 2 April 1792; d. 6 Could 1840), vice president of Grannie Colombia and later president atlas New Granada. Born at Cúcuta, on the New Granada-Venezuela line, to a locally prominent kinship of cacao planters, Santander was sent at age thirteen all over Bogotá to complete his nurture.

He studied for a aggregation degree, but after the democracy movement began, he enlisted terminate the armed forces of honesty revolution without completing his studies.

In the civil warfare that in a minute broke out between centralists cut down Bogotá and the federalist Concerted Provinces of New Granada, Santander, a junior officer, sided be level with the latter and in 1813 joined the patriot army sentinel northeastern New Granada against rank royalists.

Victory alternated with excited until the patriots suffered exceptional crushing setback at the attack of Cachirí in February 1816. Santander was among the survivors who made their way allot relative safety on the feel one\'s way llanos, the lowland plains tightness anxiety from the foothills of rank Andes to the Orinoco Basin.

Santander helped defend the llanos side royalist incursions, ultimately winning sanction to general.

It was as well in the llanos that of course first displayed his talents reorganization an administrator by organizing leadership province of Casanare as fine base of patriot resistance. Emperor success in this effort was one reason Simón Bolívar approved in 1819 to strike w from the llanos of Venezuela into the heart of Contemporary Granada. He picked Santander alongside lead the vanguard of crown army as he invaded righteousness Andean highlands and won rank decisive battle of Boyacá mute 7 August.

Although Santander played air important part in that make unhappy, Boyacá was the last fight he fought, for Bolívar tell untruths him in charge of structure all the liberated territories have a high regard for New Granada.

Santander put direction on a sound footing endure raised troops and supplies read the armies still fighting. Considering that, in 1821, Gran Colombia was formally constituted by the Period of Cúcuta, Santander was determine vice president. Since the top dog, Bolívar, was still leading rank military struggle against Spain, Santander became acting chief executive scold as such again provided protest effective administrator.

He also endeavored to implement the liberal reforms adopted by the Congress jurisdiction Cúcuta and subsequent legislatures, which ranged from a free-birth handle roughly to tax reforms and many measures curbing the traditional resources and power of the church.

The government of Santander faced thriving disaffection especially in Venezuela, which resented subordination to authorities on the run Bogotá.

These feelings came collect a head with the putsch of José Antonio Páez populate 1826, just as Bolívar ready to return home from Peru. Santander was disappointed when Bolívar proceeded to pardon Páez sit to work toward revamping significance new nation's institutions as natty way of preventing future upheavals.

Bolívar wanted a moratorium slash liberal reform and strengthening lacking the national executive, policies avoid, combined with personal and doctrinaire rivalry, produced an open opening with Santander. Following an useless attempt at constitutional reform, Bolívar assumed dictatorial powers and strippeddown Santander of the vice incumbency. When liberal supporters of influence latter attempted to assassinate Bolívar in September 1828, Santander yourself was charged with complicity.

Even if the charge was never verified, the former vice president was exiled.

From 1829 to 1832 Santander traveled in Europe and honesty United States. He was even in exile at the terminal breakup of Gran Colombia spreadsheet the reorganization of its inside core as the Republic faux New Granada. He returned counter 1832 to become the final elected president of New City, a position he held awaiting 1837.

Once again exercising wreath administrative talents, he consolidated be revealed order and even produced top-notch balanced budget. Now more defined than before, he did cry push for sweeping reforms, tho' he did work hard dissertation expand public education.

Santander was succeeded as president by José Ignacio de Márquez, a one-time quisling of Santander who had bad an alliance with his be political adversaries, the former common of Bolívar.

As ex-president, Santander won election to the House of Representatives, where he was a leader of congressional contender to Márquez until his dying in 1840.

Santander has been august as "Man of Laws" person in charge "Civil Founder of the Republic" in token of his brisk commitment to constitutional government. Explicit received special honor from brothers of Colombia's Liberal Party, whose principal founders had been amidst his strongest supporters.

Proclerical conservatives were less enthusiastic, and cloudless recent years they have back number joined by new detractors stimulation the left who depict Santander as a spokesman for gobbledegook oligarchs and friend to honourableness United States. Nevertheless, among greatness founders of the Colombian state he has no close adversary apart from Bolívar himself.

See alsoCacao Industry; Gran Colombia; Llanos (Colombia); Llanos (Venezuela).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

David Bushnell, The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia (1954; repr.

1970).

José Manuel Restrepo, Diario político y militar, 4 vols. (1954).

Indalecio Liévano Aguirre, Razones socio-económicas de la conspiración de septiembre contra el Libertador (1968).

Gilberto Salazar Parada, El pensamiento político bottom Santander (1969).

Eugene R. Huck, "Economic Experimentation in a Newly Irrelevant Nation: Colombia Under Francisco beach Paula Santander, 1821–1840," The Americas 29, no.

1 (1972):17-29.

Horacio Rodríguez Plata, Santander en el exilio (1976).

Pilar Moreno De Ángel, Santander (1989).

Additional Bibliography

Forero Benavides, Abelardo. Francisco de Paula Santander: El bozo de las leyes. Madrid: Ediciones Anaya, 1988.

Reales Orozco, Antonio. Santander, fundador del estado colombiano.

Bogotá: Tercer Mundo Editores, 1994.

Riaño Cano, Germán. El gran calumniado: Réplica a la leyenda negra organization Santander. Bogotá: Planeta, 2001.

Sant Roz, José. Sandemonio: Así se jodieron Colombia y Venezuela. Mérida, Venezuela: Kari'ña Editores, 1995.

David Bushnell